English Grammar — সূচিঅধ্যায় ১৪ / ২৬
অধ্যায় ১৪
Voice
কর্তা প্রধান হলে Active Voice, কর্ম প্রধান হলে Passive Voice। Voice পরিবর্তন BCS-এ প্রায় প্রতিবারই থাকে।
Voice পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
সহজ করে বুঝি
Voice বদলানো মানে বাক্যের নায়ক বদলে দেওয়া। ‘I eat rice’-এ নায়ক আমি; ‘Rice is eaten by me’-এ নায়ক ভাত।
পদ্ধতিটা তিন ধাপের: প্রথমে object-কে সামনে আনো, তারপর tense অনুযায়ী be verb + V3 বসাও, শেষে আগের subject-কে ‘by’ দিয়ে পেছনে পাঠাও।
একটা কথা মনে রাখো — passive করতে হলে object লাগবেই। তাই intransitive verb (sleep, go, come)-এর passive হয় না।
Tense অনুযায়ী Passive-এর গঠন
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Present Indefinite | He does the work. | The work is done by him. |
| Present Continuous | He is doing it. | It is being done by him. |
| Present Perfect | He has done it. | It has been done by him. |
| Past Indefinite | He did it. | It was done by him. |
| Past Continuous | He was doing it. | It was being done by him. |
| Past Perfect | He had done it. | It had been done by him. |
| Future Indefinite | He will do it. | It will be done by him. |
| Future Perfect | He will have done it. | It will have been done by him. |
| Modal | He can do it. | It can be done by him. |
Perfect Continuous ও Future Continuous tense-এর passive সাধারণত হয় না।
বিশেষ ক্ষেত্রে Voice পরিবর্তন
| ধরন | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Imperative (আদেশ) | Do the work. | Let the work be done. |
| Imperative (নিষেধ) | Do not do it. | Let it not be done. |
| Imperative (অনুরোধ) | Please help me. | You are requested to help me. |
| Interrogative (Wh-) | Who did this? | By whom was this done? |
| Interrogative (Aux) | Did he do it? | Was it done by him? |
| দুটি object | He gave me a book. | I was given a book. / A book was given to me. |
| Infinitive | I have to do it. | It has to be done by me. |
‘by’ ছাড়া অন্য preposition
কিছু passive-এ কর্তার আগে by বসে না।
- I know him. → He is known to me. (by ✗)
- The news pleased me. → I was pleased at the news.
- Water fills the tank. → The tank is filled with water.
- The result satisfied him. → He was satisfied with the result.
- Everybody loves him. → He is loved by all. / Fire destroyed the house → The house was destroyed by fire.
নিজে চেষ্টা করো
‘Do the work.’ — এর passive কী হবে?
পরীক্ষার ফাঁদ
- Intransitive verb (go, sleep, come)-এর passive হয় না — object নেই বলে।
- know → known TO; please → pleased AT/WITH; fill → filled WITH — সব জায়গায় ‘by’ নয়।
- Imperative-এর passive শুরু হয় ‘Let’ দিয়ে।
মনে রাখার কৌশল
- সূত্র: Object + be(tense) + V3 + by + subject।
- Passive-এ verb সবসময় past participle (V3) — এটা কখনো বদলায় না।
সারসংক্ষেপ · এক নজরে রিভিশন
- ১.Active = কর্তা প্রধান; Passive = কর্ম প্রধান।
- ২.Passive গঠন: Object + be verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + V3 + by + subject।
- ৩.Imperative → Let + object + be + V3।
- ৪.known to, pleased at, filled with, satisfied with — by বসে না।